우주배경복사 발견 - ujubaegyeongbogsa balgyeon

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��ֹ�溹�� : ��ַ�� 

�� ϴ� ��ַп�� ź�Ҹ� �� ſ� ��ҵ�� ̾��. �� ȣ��(Fred Hoyle, 1915~2001)�� ſ� ��ҵ�� ӿ�� ȴٴ� �� , ��ֹ�溹�� ߰�� ַ�� ַк�� Ȯ�� Ǿ��. �� ̰�� ַп� �� ǹ��ϴ� �� ƴϾ��. �� ̷�� ۵�� ǹ��ߴ�.

��ֿ�� 7.35cm �ʴ�� , �� ΰ�?

�ʴ��ĸ� �̿�� ſ�� 鸱 �� , �� ַ� �� ٴϴ� �ʴ�� . �̵� �� Ư�� 4,080MHz �뿪�� ʴ�� ֿ�� ִٴ� �� ̱� �� Ƴ� ��(Arno Allan Penzias)�� ι�Ʈ ��(Robert Woodrow Wilson)�� 1964�⿡ ��ʷ� ��Ͽ��. �� ̶�� ϴµ�, �� Ŵ� �� ?

ù ��° ��Ŵ� ��漺�̴�. �ʴ�� ϴ�� ⿡�� �� ⵵ �� ʴ´�. �̷� �� ʴ�� ¾�� ٱ�� ֿ� �� ǹ��Ѵ�.
�� ° ��Ŵ� ��ü�� ̷�� ִٴ� ��̴�. ��ü�� ̷п� ��ϸ� ��µ� 0K �̻�� ü�� 縦 ��ϴµ�, �µ�� Ư�� 忡�� ְ�� ⸦ �� 缱�� Ѵ�. �׷�� ʴ�� µ� �� 3K�� ش��ϴ� ��ü�� Ʈ�� ġ�Ѵٴ� �� . �̷�� Ư¡�� (George Anthony Gamow, 1904~1968)�� (Ralph Asher Alpher, 1921~2007) �� ̷п�� ֹ�溹�� Ư�� ġ�Ѵ�.
�ٸ� ���� ʴ�� 7.35cm ��(��δ� 4,080MHz�� ش��Ѵ�)�� ѵǾ� �־��Ƿ�, �� µ� 3K�� ش��ϴ� ��ü�� Ȯ��ϱ� ��ؼ�� , Ư�� ִ� ��Ⱑ �Ǵ� 2mm ��뿡�� Ȯ�� ʿ䰡 �� ־��. �� ⿡ ��ؼ� ��Ǿ� �� Ƿ� ��󿡼� ��ϱ⿡�� ־��.
���� ߰�� ֹ�溹�� ַ�� ġ�� ַ� ��￡�� Ͽ��, �ٸ� ��δ� �� 뿡 �� Ͽ��. ��ַ�� ް�� â�ϴ� ��ֿ�� �� Ŵ뱸�� ϴ��̳� ��ϵ�� ֵ�� ȭ�ߴ�� ߴ�. �̹� ȣ�� ߷� ��ְ� ��â�ϰ� �ִٸ� ��Ͽ� �� �� .�� ־��.

��ó�� õ��ڵ�� ϵ�� �� Ǿ�� ľ�� ƴ��, ��̳� �� ұ��ϼ�� ۵� ��ȭ�� 깰�� ϰ� �ִ�. �׷��ٸ� �� ұ��ϼ�� ʱ⿡ ��߾�� Ѵ�. �ֳ��ϸ� ��ְ� ��â�ϱ� �� ź�ϰ� ��ߴٸ�, ��ó�� ·� �� ̴�. �׷��Ƿ� ��ֿ�� ϳ� �� ׸�� پ�� ȭ�п��ҵ� �� ̰� �༺�̳� ��ü�� ܳ� �� .

�̷� �� ַ��ڵ�� ʱ��ְ� �ſ� ��ϱ�� , �� ʾ�� ̶�� ִ�. � ��·ε� �� е�� ̰� ��ܳ�� е�� ߷�� ܼ� �е�� Ǿ��, �� ݺ��Ǹ鼭 ��ϰ� ��ǰ� ��ó�� Ǿ�� ִ�.
�� ̷�� Ǵٸ� �� ֹ�溹�� ӿ� �� ̴�. �� ֹ�溹�縦 ��ϸ� �� ȭ�� ߴ�. �ٽ� �� ʱ��ֿ�� е�� κп�� Ҿ� �ణ �� ̰�, �ݴ�� ణ �� е�� κп�� Ҿ� �ణ �� ª�� Ҵ�.

��ֹ�溹�翡 �� Ĺ�� ã�Ƽ�

���� ֹ�溹�� 漺(��ֹ�溹�簡 �� ⿡�� ´ٴ� ��)�� ˾Ƴ��, �� ֹ�溹�簡 ��漺(��  �κп�� 缱�� ٸ� �κп�� 缱�� ణ �ٸ� �� ´ٴ� ��)�� ´ٴ� ��Ÿ� ã�Ƴ�� ߴ�.

�̸� ��ؼ�� ؿ�� ֹ�溹�縦 �� ʿ䰡 �־��. 1970�� ʹ�� 1/100 ��̱�� ־��, ��⿡ �� ̰� �� ʾҴ�. �׷�� ַ��ڵ�� ó�� ׷�� ̴� �� ʾҴٸ� ��ַ�� ϱ� ��ߴ�. 1/100 �� ؿ�� ɼ�� ־��, �� ʴ��ĸ� ��ϰ� �־��Ƿ� �� ã�Ƴ�� Ұ��ߴ�. �� ذ��ϱ� ��ؼ�� Ⱑ �� ö󰡼� ��ؾ� �ߴ�.

�� ̾�� Ķ��Ͼ� ��Ŭ�� Ʈ(George Fitzgerald Smoot)�� ⱸ�� U-2 ��⸦ �̿�� õ��Ͽ�, �ϴ� ��ʿ�� ֹ�溹�簡 �ݴ��ʿ�� ֹ�溹�纸�� 1/1,000 �� ´ٴ� �� ߰��Ͽ��. �� ̰�� ֹ�溹�� ̰� �ƴ϶� �� �� ÷� ȿ�� Ÿ�� ̶�� . ��÷� ȿ�� ȭ�� ٽ� ��. �� ã�� 1/1,000 �� ۴ٴ� �� ǹ��ϰ� �־��. �̷�� ȭ�� ⱸ�� װ��⸦ �̿�� ε� ��ϱⰡ ��. �ֳ��ϸ� �װ��Ⱑ �� ־ �� ϰ� �־�� ̴�.

�� ΰ�� ̿��Ͽ� �� ۿ�� ϴ� �ͻ��̶�� ݰ� �� Ʈ�� ̱��װ��ֱ�(NASA)�� ΰ�� ̿�� ֹ�溹�� Ʈ�� Ͽ� ��ֹ�溹�� Ž�缱(COBE : Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer) ��Ʈ�� ۵Ǿ��. �쿩�� 1989�� 11�� 18�Ͽ� ��ħ�� COBE�� ߻�Ǿ��. �߻��忡�� ֹ�溹�� 縦 �� ó�� ߴ� �� ۿ� �ι�Ʈ ��յ� �ڸ��ϰ� �־��.

�̵�� ں� �� پ�� ֹ�溹�縦 ��Ͽ� ��Ʈ�� ü�� Ư�� ġ�Ѵٴ� �� ´�. ��ü�� Ģ�� ֹ�溹�� µ�� ǥ�� ִµ�, COBE �� µ�� Ȯ�ϰ� 2.728��0.002K�� ˾Ƴ´�. �� µ�� µ�� ִ�. �� ʴ�� ǽ�� Ǿ��. COBE�� ֹ�溹�� ⸦ ��Ÿ�� ׷�� 2.73K�� ü�� �� ġ�Ѵ�.
�� ־��. 1/3,000 ��ؿ�� ù ��° �м�� ֹ�溹�� ȭ�� Ÿ�� ʾұ� ��̴�. �׷�� Ž��ĵ�� 縦 ��Ƴ�� ߴ�. �� <�ϴð� ��(Sky and Telescope)>�� ׾��°�, ��Ҵ°�?�� 縦 �Ǿ��.

�� ֹ�溹�� . 2.73K�� ü�� �� ġ�Ѵ�.(��)
COBE�� ó�� 2�Ⱓ �� ϴ�� ֹ�溹�� . �� ϴÿ�� ֹ�溹�� µ�� Ÿ��.
�� µ�� ̰� Ǫ�� µ�� ̴�. �� ÷� ȿ��,
�� ° �� 츮 ��ϰ迡�� ϰ� �ִ�.(��)<��ó : NASA>

COBE, 1/10�� ؿ�� ħ�� ֱ�� ϴ� �� ߰��Ͽ��

�� 2�⿡ ��ģ COBE�� ڷᰡ ��ô�Ǹ鼭 1/10�� ؿ�� ȭ�� Ǳ� ��ߴ�. �� ۱� �� ֹ�溹�� ̴� �и�� ߴ�. 1992�� 4�� и�ü�� COBE �� ֹ�溹�翡�� ̼�� µ��ȭ�� ߴٴ� ��ǥ�� ߴ�. �� ǥ�� Ʈ�� ȸ�߿�� ž�� ִٸ�, �̰�� Ͱ� ��.�� ߴ�. ��Ƽ�� ȣŷ�� ߰�� ְ�� ƴ�� , �ݼ�� ְ�� ߰ߡ��̶�� ߴ�.

COBE�� ó�� 2�� ϴ�� ֹ�溹�� µ� �� Ÿ�� , �� պ�� 1/10�� Ÿ��, Ǫ�� µ�� Ÿ��. �̰�� 38�� ش�.

�� ش�� 7��̹Ƿ� ��ü�� 帴�ϰ� ��̰� �ִµ�, �� ū �� ϴܺ�� ū ô�� ̴�. ��ϴ�� õ�� 󿡼� ��ϴ� �� 1�� ̹Ƿ� �� ϴ�� ʴ´�. �� ʱ��ֿ� �е�� ĵ�� ־�� Ѵ�. �� ַ�� ְ� �Ǿ��. �� ߰�� ⿡ �� ַ�� س´�. �� η� �� Ʈ�� (John Cromwell Mather)�� 2006�⵵ �뺧��л�� ޾Ҵ�.

��ֹ�溹�� Ž�� ߿伺

��ֹ�溹�� ַ�� ϴ� ��ڵ鿡�Դ� �� ̴�. õü��ڵ�� ֹ�溹�� ٸ� �� ڷḦ ��Ͽ� �� ˾Ƴ�� ִ�. �� µ�� ణ �� ũ�� µ�� Ͽ� �ʱ�� η�� ⸦ �˾Ƴ�� 󸶳� �� ̰� �Ǿ�� ߷�� ִ�. �� ֹ�溹��κ�� 󸶳� �� 湰��, �׸�� 濡�� ָ� ��ϴ�� , ��ְ� �� â�� ƴϸ� ��â�ӵ�� ƴϸ� �� ִ�.

COBE�� ŵξ��, ��ڵ�� COBE�� 10��, 100�� ΰ�� ġ�� ˵�� ÷� �� ϰ� �ִ�.

2001�⿡ �߻�� Ų��ʴ��ĺ�� Ž�缱(WMAP)�� 3mm~1.5cm �� ֹ�溹�� ش� 15�� ػ󵵷� ��Ͽ��. ��̾� 2009�⿡ �߻�� ö�ũ(Planck) Ž�缱�� 100�� 1�� Ը�� µ� �䵿�� , ��ػ� 5�� 0.3mm~1cm �� ֹ�溹�縦 ��ϰ� �ִ�.

�� ֹ�溹�翬�� ϴ� �� Ų��ʴ��ĺ�� Ž�缱(WMAP)�� ̴�. �� 2002�� ֹ�溹�縦 ��ϱ� ��Ͽ� �� ʿ� �� ſ� �� ֹ�溹�� ۼ��Ͽ��. �츮�� ̰� 137�� ̰�, �� 湰��, �׸�� 濡�� 4.6%, 23%, 72%�� ˾Ƴ´�. ��ֹ�溹�� Ͽ�� ƴ϶� ��ַ� �� ̲���� ִ�. �� ϴµ� �� ַе� �� ٲ�� ִ�.